梵高向日葵
梵高向日葵
(所属类型：油画)
梵高向日葵
时间：2007-6-17 18:00:05
１８５３年，梵高生于荷兰的一个新教徒之家。少年时，他在伦敦、巴黎和海牙为画商工作，后来还在比利时的矿工中当过传教士。
１８８１年左右，他开始绘画。１８８６年去巴黎投奔其弟，初次接触了印象派的作品，对他产生影响的还有著名画家鲁本斯、日本版画和著名画家高更。
１８８８年，梵高开始以色彩为基础表达强烈的感情。他曾短暂与高更交往，后来神经失常，被送进精神病院。在经历多次感情上的崩溃之后，梵高于１８９０年在奥维尔自杀。他对野兽派及德国的表现主义有巨大影响。
梵高一生为人敏感而易怒，聪敏过人，在生前他在许多事情上很少取得成功。其个人生活不幸而且艰辛，可他却随时都有献身给别人的爱、友谊和对艺术的热情。在比利时作传教士期间，他目睹穷人的艰难生活，决定以最大的热情帮助那些煤矿工人，他义务收容那些受重伤而垂死的矿工，希望以抚慰之词和自我牺牲精神帮助弱者博斗，不过，他只干了６个月就被解雇，原因是他对工作过分热情。
在短短的３７年人生中，梵高把生命的最重要时期贡献给了艺术。他早期画作爱用荷兰传画的褐色调，但他天性中火一般的热情使他抛弃荷兰画派的暗淡和沉寂，并迅速远离印象派印象派对外部世界瞬间真实性的追求和他充满主体意识的精神状态相去甚远。他不是以线条而是以环境来抓住对象；他重新改变现实，以达到实实在在的真实，促成了表现主义的诞生。
文森特梵高（1853 - 1890）是继伦勃朗之后被认为是荷兰最伟大的画家。他和高更、塞尚并称为后印象派。他们吸收了印象派的精髓，却反对印象派纯客观理性的描绘，提倡事物的实质和象征意念，是现代艺术最重要的先驱。梵高27岁时才开始绘画，在短短十年间, 绘画了800多幅油画及同等数目的素描, 却几乎从未能觅得买家, 只能长期依赖弟弟Theo 在经济上和精神上的支持。他的一生，就正如毕加索所说: 『这人如不是一位疯子, 就是我们当中最出色的。』
1873年，梵高在伦敦其伯父经营的画廊中工作，并热烈追求房东的女儿。后来，因为失恋，梵高尝透了爱情的苦楚，他辞去画廊的工作，一心投身传道，以安抚人类痛苦的心灵。1876年，梵高在学校任义务教师，帮助低下层的小孩学习。1878年，梵高到比利时Borinage矿区任传道员的工作。就在这年冬天, 矿洞发生坍塌的悲剧，伤亡惨重，上帝的神迹并没有出现，令梵高对宗教开始失望。1879年，教会撤除了梵高的职务。被撤职后的梵高仍然留在矿区，开始对绘画发生兴趣。
1886年，梵高跟随弟弟，去到艺术之都巴黎，认识了高更、塞尚、秀拉及罗特列克等同道中人，并深受印象派及日本板画的影响，开始形成了日后强烈的个人风格。
1888年，梵高受塞尚的影响，到法国南部的普罗旺斯省，寻找创作的灵感。他在阿尔定居，并在此绘画了二佰多幅油画，当中却只能卖出一幅 (注:红葡萄园)，得到一则画评。在贫困的生活中，赤热的阳光下，不竭的创作令梵高变得神经衰弱。为了加强自己的信念，梵高喜孜孜地邀请高更到阿尔共同居住，并大肆粉饰了他的黄屋。但两个固执的艺术家共同生活的结果，却是不断的争吵。在一场剧烈争执后，高更大怒而去，梵高无法阻止，亦无法抑制自己的激动，竟割下自己的左耳。从此，他不但失去高更这个好朋友，还给所有人笑作疯子。1889年，梵高入住St. Remy的精神疗养院。1890年5月，梵高搬到Auvers-sur-Oise, 靠近弟弟居住，并在短短两个月内，绘画了七十多幅油画。狂热而不可抑制的创作激情，有如烈火焚烧着他的内心，使他心力交瘁，精神濒临崩溃。1890年7月27日早上，文森特梵高在麦田中开枪自杀，延至7月29日伤重不治，享年37岁。
梵高不描绘任何事物，他就是他画中的主题和目的。而这个世界给他的感觉太过强烈，他只得消失。
向日葵称得上是我的东西"
"我想画上半打的向日葵来装饰我的画室,让纯净的或调和的铬黄,在各种不同的背景上,在各种程度的蓝色底子上......我要让这些画配上最精致的涂成橙黄色的画框,就象哥特式的教堂里的彩绘玻璃一样."
"高更前几天对我说,他在莫奈家看到一幅向日葵的油画,向日葵插在一个精美的日本花瓶中,不过他还是比较喜欢我画的这一幅"
"我越是年老丑陋,令人讨厌,贫病交加,越要用鲜艳华丽,精心设计的色彩,为自己雪耻..."
Vincent van Gogh, for whom color was the chief symbol of expression, was born in Groot-Zundert, Holland. The son of a pastor, brought up in a religious and cultured atmosphere, Vincent was highly emotional and lacked self-confidence. Between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist, van Gogh had had two unsuitable and unhappy romances and had worked unsuccessfully as a clerk in a bookstore, an art salesman, and a preacher in the Borinage (a dreary mining district in Belgium), where he was dismissed for overzealousness. He remained in Belgium to study art, determined to give happiness by creating beauty. The works of his early Dutch period are somber-toned, sharply lit, genre paintings of which the most famous is "The Potato Eaters" (1885). In that year van Gogh went to Antwerp where he discovered the works of Rubens and purchased many Japanese prints.
In 1886 he went to Paris to join his brother Théo, the manager of Goupil's gallery. In Paris, van Gogh studied with Cormon, inevitably met Pissarro, Monet, and Gauguin, and began to lighten his very dark palette and to paint in the short brushstrokes of the Impressionists. His nervous temperament made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day undermined his health. He decided to go south to Arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art. Gauguin did join him but with disastrous results. In a fit of epilepsy, van Gogh pursued his friend with an open razor, was stopped by Gauguin, but ended up cutting a portion of his ear lobe off. Van Gogh then began to alternate between fits of madness and lucidity and was sent to the asylum in Saint-Remy for treatment.
In May of 1890, he seemed much better and went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise under the watchful eye of Dr. Gachet. Two months later he was dead, having shot himself "for the good of all." During his brief career he had sold one painting. Van Gogh's finest works were produced in less than three years in a technique that grew more and more impassioned in brushstroke, in symbolic and intense color, in surface tension, and in the movement and vibration of form and line. Van Gogh's inimitable fusion of form and content is powerful; dramatic, lyrically rhythmic, imaginative, and emotional, for the artist was completely absorbed in the effort to explain either his struggle against madness or his comprehension of the spiritual essence of man and nature.
关键字：绘画 印象派 油画 版画 野兽派 画派
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